Guide for Citing Print & Online Sources
Footnotes & Endnotes
- Using the exact words, or paraphrased information or ideas from other sources in your paper always requires some kind of citation: a footnote or endnote, or a reference in the text of your paper. Use one citation method consistently throughout your paper.
- Footnotes
& endnotes are
numbered and
the citation information is placed at the
foot of the page or the end of the paper.
- Footnotes & endnotes include the same publication information as a bibliography entry PLUS a page reference (for print sources). However, footnotes and endnotes use different punctuation and a slightly different order from a bibliography entry.
- The first
line of a footnote or endnote is
indented; subsequent lines are aligned with the left margin. "Insert Reference>Footnote" command in
Word (Insert menu) allows you to select Footnote or
Endnote style and automatically indents citation information.
- The second time you cite a source in a footnote or endnote you may use an abbreviated footnote form: only the first element in the citation (author's name or the title) and a page reference. Example: Klass 5. If you used more than one source by the same author, also include the title in the abbreviated footnotes. Example: Klass, Baby Doctor 26.
- In-text references (or in-text
citations) are placed in parentheses in the text itself and only give
the first element in the citation (the author's
name or the title) and a page reference. The full citation information
is found in the bibliography.
- If no author
is given, the footnote or reference begins with the next
item of information, usually the title.
- For further examples of citing a wide variety of research materials, see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (REF 808.027 GIB).
- NoodleBib
offers a suggested format for in-text citations based on the
bibliography information entered, but not for footnotes. See the US
Library page, "Introduction to NoodleTools", for details on using
NoodleBib.
- If you quote
or cite information from an indirect
source (not the original source of the quote or the ideas), the
footnote or reference begins with the name of the person who was the
original
source, followed by "qtd. in" and the citation information on the
source where you found the quote or the information.
- The bibliographical entry only contains the information on
the indirect source, i.e. the source where you found the quote.
- Examples:
Mary Oliver, qtd. in Roger Housden, Ten Poems to last a Lifetime
(New York: Harmony Books, 2004) 119. In-text reference: (Oliver, qtd.
in Housden 119)
- For further
examples of citing indirect sources, see the MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (REF 808.027
GIB) 252-3.
Author’s First Name Last Name, Title (Place of publication: Publisher, date of
publication) page[s].
- Book by one author
Janet Bode, The Colors of Freedom: Immigrant Stories (New York: Franklin Watts,
1999) 54.
Book without an author
Computer Age (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life, 1992) 3-5.
Book by two authors
Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster, The Century (New York: Doubleday, 1998) 101.
Book by three or more authors
James H. Kessler et al, Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century
(Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1996) 7.
Book with only editor listed
Charles Sullivan,ed, Imaginary Gardens: American Poetry and Art for Young People
(New York: H.N. Abrams, 1989) 43-44.
A work in an anthology or collection
Ray Bradbury, “Another Fine Mess,” The Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction: the
Fiftieth Anniversary Anthology, Ed. Edward L. Ferman and Gordon Van Gelder
(New York: Tor, 1999) 37-40.
Print encyclopedia article (cite the author of the article, not of the set or volume)
Jean Blashfield, “Cranes,” Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Ed. Bridget Travers, vol. 2
(Detroit: Gale Research, 1996) 1007-9.
Print encyclopedia or reference article (without an author)
“Shiva,” Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.17 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002) 429.
Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of the Article,” Title of the Periodical Volume
number (Year of Publication): page[s].
- Magazine or newspaper
article without a volume number
Johnny Diaz, “Latino Art Thrives,” Hispanic November 2004: 59.
Peri Klass, “For a Teenage Boy, a Basketball and a Bug Spell Trouble,” New York
Times 30 November 2004, late edition: F5+.
Magazine or journal with a volume number
Sara F. Meng, “Peggy Bacon and John Sloan,” Woman’s Art Journal 25.1 (2004):19.
Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of article,” Title of Periodical or Reference Source Publication information and dates, Title of Database, Publisher of database [if given], Library hosting database, Access date [date viewed] <URL of database or specific document>.
- Periodical article from
online database
Anna Kuchment, “State of the Ice: Beyond the Simple Fact of Earth's Warming lies a
Sea of Conflicting Data,” Newsweek 25 February 2002: 33, Proquest, Chapin
Library, 2 December 2004 <http://www.il.proquest.com>.
Encyclopedia or reference article from online database
“Buddhism in early Tang,” World Eras, Vol. 7: Imperial China, Gale, 2003, History Resource Center: World, Chapin
Library, 2 December 2004 < http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History?locID=new19334>.
Web Sources: General Footnote Format
Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Web Page,” Title of Web Site, Date of
publication [may be copyright date or when last updated], Institutional affiliation
[if any], Access date [date viewed] <URL, i.e. web address>.
- Web Page
Rene Wellek, “Romanticism in Literature,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 1 May
2003, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library 30 November 2004
<http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhiana.cgi?id=dv4-25>.
Peter M. Whiteley, “Ties that Bind: Hopi gift culture and its first contact with the United
States, “ Natural History Magazine, November 2004, 1 December 2004
<http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/>.
“Women’s Magazines,” MagazineArt.org, 29 October 2004, 1 December 2004 <http://www.magazineart.org/general/womens/>.
Web Site
Jack Lynch, Eighteenth-Century Resources, 15 June 2004, 1 December 2004
<http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/18th/>.